Ghulam Mustafa holds a Bachelor of Science in Computer Science from Quaid-e-Awam University of Engineering Science and Technology, Nawabshah, Pakistan, completed in December 2020. In the same year, he expanded his academic horizons through a Cultural Exchange Program at Karabuk University, Turkey. He earned his master’s degree from the Bioinformatics and Pattern Recognition Lab at the Department of Computer Engineering, Sun Moon University, Asan, South Korea, in February 2024. Currently, he is a faculty member in the Department of Computer Science at Aror University. His research interests include machine learning, deep learning, trajectory pattern mining, object detection, intelligent transportation systems, and traffic data analysis.